SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    501, 289, 495, 500, 304, 498, 305, 288, 
    287, 166, 223, 224, 179, 177
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00031

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost": 0.01729158,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
          "key": "parent",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
          "loops": 1,
          "rows": 28,
          "cost": 0.01729158,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (501,289,495,500,304,498,305,288,287,166,223,224,179,177) and cscart_categories.category_id <> 264",
          "using_index": true
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}